https://gendermedwiki.uni-muenster.de/mediawiki_en/index.php?title=Gender-specific_behaviour_in_online_health_information_research/Introduction&feed=atom&action=historyGender-specific behaviour in online health information research/Introduction - Revision history2024-03-29T12:59:37ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.32.1https://gendermedwiki.uni-muenster.de/mediawiki_en/index.php?title=Gender-specific_behaviour_in_online_health_information_research/Introduction&diff=12344&oldid=prevGenderMedWikiBoard at 09:49, 26 April 20222022-04-26T09:49:13Z<p></p>
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</table>GenderMedWikiBoardhttps://gendermedwiki.uni-muenster.de/mediawiki_en/index.php?title=Gender-specific_behaviour_in_online_health_information_research/Introduction&diff=12340&oldid=prevGenderMedWikiBoard at 09:45, 26 April 20222022-04-26T09:45:52Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:45, 26 April 2022</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gender-specific behaviour in health information research online has been frequently reported <ref>Fox S, Duggan M. Pew Research Center 2013. Health Online 2013 URL:&nbsp;[http://pewinternet.org/~/media/ http://pewinternet.org/]&nbsp;/media/</ref>&nbsp;<ref>Feng Y, Xie W. Digital divide 2.0: the role of social networkingsites in seeking health information online from a longitudinal perspective. J Health Commun 2015;20&nbsp; 81):60-68. Doi 10.1080/10810730.2014.906522, Medline: 25119019</ref>. But little is known about the underlying reasons for these differences. Are the gender differences in health information research behaviour online partly due to differences in social roles between men and women?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gender-specific behaviour in health information research online has been frequently reported <ref>Fox S, Duggan M. Pew Research Center 2013. Health Online 2013 URL:&nbsp;[http://pewinternet.org/~/media/ http://pewinternet.org/]&nbsp;/media/</ref>&nbsp;<ref>Feng Y, Xie W. Digital divide 2.0: the role of social networkingsites in seeking health information online from a longitudinal perspective. J Health Commun 2015;20&nbsp; 81):60-68. Doi 10.1080/10810730.2014.906522, Medline: 25119019</ref>. But little is known about the underlying reasons for these differences. Are the gender differences in health information research behaviour online partly due to differences in social roles between men and women?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When dissatisfied with primary health care, women are more inclined to do research online or to exchange information with others in online forums. For them, social and communicative offers are important and supportive. Men, on the other hand, are more concerned with the provision of information per se&nbsp; <ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;>Muscanell NL, Guadagno RE. Make new friens or keep the old: Gender and personality differences in social networking use. Comput Hum Behav 2012 Jan; 28 (1): 107-112 (doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016)</ref>. Particularly in the case of certain topics that are still taboo or stigmatised, the anonymity of the internet offers obvious advantages here. In addition, it can be observed that women tend to do more online research for other people such as family members <ref>Johnson J, Case D. Health information seeking. New York: Peter Lang; 2013</ref>. For both sexes, chronically or/and &quot;seriously ill&quot; persons tend to use the internet more for additional information or social exchange <ref name=&quot;Renahy&quot;>Renahy E, Parizot I, Cauvin P. Determinats of the frequency of online health information seeking: results of a web-based survey conducted in France in 2007. Inform health Soc Care 2010 Jan;35 (1):25-39 doi:10.3109/17538150903358784 (Medline: 20302437)</ref> <ref>Gitlow S. The online community as a healthcare resource. In: Nash DB, Manfredi MP, Bozarth B, Howell S, editors. Connecting with the new healthcare consumer: Defining your strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000:113-133</ref>. Women have a higher frequency of online behaviour in these conditions and are more likely to seek social and emotional support.<ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;/><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[11] </del>Men, on the other hand, prefer factual, clearly stated information regarding health issues that concern them.<ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;/><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[11]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When dissatisfied with primary health care, women are more inclined to do research online or to exchange information with others in online forums. For them, social and communicative offers are important and supportive. Men, on the other hand, are more concerned with the provision of information per se&nbsp; <ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;>Muscanell NL, Guadagno RE. Make new friens or keep the old: Gender and personality differences in social networking use. Comput Hum Behav 2012 Jan; 28 (1): 107-112 (doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016)</ref>. Particularly in the case of certain topics that are still taboo or stigmatised, the anonymity of the internet offers obvious advantages here. In addition, it can be observed that women tend to do more online research for other people such as family members <ref>Johnson J, Case D. Health information seeking. New York: Peter Lang; 2013</ref>. For both sexes, chronically or/and &quot;seriously ill&quot; persons tend to use the internet more for additional information or social exchange <ref name=&quot;Renahy&quot;>Renahy E, Parizot I, Cauvin P. Determinats of the frequency of online health information seeking: results of a web-based survey conducted in France in 2007. Inform health Soc Care 2010 Jan;35 (1):25-39 doi:10.3109/17538150903358784 (Medline: 20302437)</ref> <ref>Gitlow S. The online community as a healthcare resource. In: Nash DB, Manfredi MP, Bozarth B, Howell S, editors. Connecting with the new healthcare consumer: Defining your strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000:113-133</ref>. Women have a higher frequency of online behaviour in these conditions and are more likely to seek social and emotional support.<ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;/> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Mo&quot;>&nbsp;Mo PK, Malik SH, Coulson NS. Gender differences in computer-mediated communication: a systematic literature review of online health-relathed support groups. Patient Educ Couns 2009 Apr; 75 (1): 16-24 (doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.029) (medline: 19233586)</ref>. </ins>Men, on the other hand, prefer factual, clearly stated information regarding health issues that concern them.<ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;/><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Mo&quot;/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Limitations of the analysed study lie in the fact that the reasons behind the behavioural differences found cannot be clearly attributed <ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/>. But also in the fact that the analysed study did not take into account whether the subjects were researching for information for themselves or for third parties&nbsp;<ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/>. Furthermore, there is often a considerable discrepancy between self-reported online behaviour and actual activity.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[12] </del>These facts would not be integrated into the study design <ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Limitations of the analysed study lie in the fact that the reasons behind the behavioural differences found cannot be clearly attributed <ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/>. But also in the fact that the analysed study did not take into account whether the subjects were researching for information for themselves or for third parties&nbsp;<ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/>. Furthermore, there is often a considerable discrepancy between self-reported online behaviour and actual activity. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>Scharkow M. The accuracy of self-reported internet use &ndash; a validation study using client log data. Commun Methods Meas 2016 Mar 24; 10(1): 13-27. (doi: 10.1089/19312458.2015.1118446)</ref>&nbsp; </ins>These facts would not be integrated into the study design <ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gender-specific, user-oriented internet information needs more precise research. Sources of health information should be neutral in origin and not sales- or pharma-oriented, which is often difficult for the layperson to judge. They should also be easy to understand and not require extreme medical expertise. At the same time, information could be available online in different languages, so that groups of people such as refugees or immigrants could also receive important health information in an easily accessible way. In perspective, the internet is definitely an information medium of the future that should be taken seriously, especially in health issues. If well-founded information is conveyed in a target group-oriented way, primary medical care could be supplemented in a meaningful and efficient way.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gender-specific, user-oriented internet information needs more precise research. Sources of health information should be neutral in origin and not sales- or pharma-oriented, which is often difficult for the layperson to judge. They should also be easy to understand and not require extreme medical expertise. At the same time, information could be available online in different languages, so that groups of people such as refugees or immigrants could also receive important health information in an easily accessible way. In perspective, the internet is definitely an information medium of the future that should be taken seriously, especially in health issues. If well-founded information is conveyed in a target group-oriented way, primary medical care could be supplemented in a meaningful and efficient way.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to the study design, which is somewhat undifferentiated in parts, quite classic gender-stereotypical results are obtained, which must be critically analysed in any case.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to the study design, which is somewhat undifferentiated in parts, quite classic gender-stereotypical results are obtained, which must be critically analysed in any case.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Literature</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins>Literature<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ol></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Baumann E, Czerwinsk F, Reifegerste D.&nbsp;Gender-Specific Determinants and Patterns of Online Health Information Seeking: Results From a Representative German Health Survey. J Med Internet Res 2017;19(4):e92). Doi10.2196/jmir.6668</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Gesundheitsmonitor.&nbsp;Gesundheitsmonitor Bertelsmann Healthcare Monitor URL:&nbsp;[http://www.gesundheitsmonitor.de/ http://www.gesundheitsmonitor.de]&nbsp;(accessed 2017-03-11) (WebCiteCache ID 6osnvLR8Y)</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Pew Research Center.2014. Internet user demographics URL:&nbsp;[http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/latest-stats/ http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/latest-stats/]&nbsp;(accessed 2016-05-13)</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>V&auml;lim&auml;ki M, Nenonen H, Koivuenen M, Suhonen R. Patients&lsquo; perception of Internet usage and their opportunity to obtain health information. Med Inform Internet Med 2007 Dec; 32 (4): 305-314 (doi: 10.1080/14639230701819792)</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Fox S, Duggan M. Pew Research Center 2013. Health Online 2013 URL:&nbsp;[http://pewinternet.org/~/media/ http://pewinternet.org/]&nbsp;/media/</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Feng Y, Xie W. Digital divide 2.0: the role of social networkingsites in seeking health information online from a longitudinal perspective. J Health Commun 2015;20&nbsp; 81):60-68. Doi 10.1080/10810730.2014.906522, Medline: 25119019</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Muscanell NL, Guadagno RE. Make new friens or keep the old: Gender and personality differences in social networking use. Comput Hum Behav 2012 Jan; 28 (1): 107-112 (doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016)</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Johnson J, Case D. Health information seeking. New York: Peter Lang; 2013</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Renahy E, Parizot I, Cauvin P. Determinats of the frequency of online health information seeking: results of a web-based survey conducted in France in 2007. Inform health Soc Care 2010 Jan;35 (1):25-39 doi:10.3109/17538150903358784 (Medline: 20302437)</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Gitlow S. The online community as a healthcare resource. In: Nash DB, Manfredi MP, Bozarth B, Howell S, editors. Connecting with the new healthcare consumer: Defining your strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000:113-133</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>&nbsp;Mo PK, Malik SH, Coulson NS. Gender differences in computer-mediated communication: a systematic literature review of online health-relathed support groups. Patient Educ Couns 2009 Apr; 75 (1): 16-24 (doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.029) (medline: 19233586)</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>Scharkow M. The accuracy of self-reported internet use &ndash; a validation study using client log data. Commun Methods Meas 2016 Mar 24; 10(1): 13-27. (doi: 10.1089/19312458.2015.1118446)</li></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">Click here to expand literature references.<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <references/></div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">Click here to expand literature references.<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <references/></div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==License==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==License==</div></td></tr>
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</table>GenderMedWikiBoardhttps://gendermedwiki.uni-muenster.de/mediawiki_en/index.php?title=Gender-specific_behaviour_in_online_health_information_research/Introduction&diff=12338&oldid=prevGenderMedWikiBoard at 09:40, 26 April 20222022-04-26T09:40:15Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:40, 26 April 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><em>Many of us do it every day: we pick up our mobile phone and research questions, facts, contexts or definitions via Google. The internet is becoming more and more important as a source of information. But to what extent is this widespread information-seeking behaviour relevant to health issues? Is the internet the medium of the future for the responsible, co-deciding, autonomous patient? Are there gender-specific differences in this behaviour? And if so, what factors determine, limit or influence these differences? On the basis of this information, which gender-specific strategies prove to be practicable and purposeful for the online information transfer of the future?</em></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><em>Many of us do it every day: we pick up our mobile phone and research questions, facts, contexts or definitions via Google. The internet is becoming more and more important as a source of information. But to what extent is this widespread information-seeking behaviour relevant to health issues? Is the internet the medium of the future for the responsible, co-deciding, autonomous patient? Are there gender-specific differences in this behaviour? And if so, what factors determine, limit or influence these differences? On the basis of this information, which gender-specific strategies prove to be practicable and purposeful for the online information transfer of the future?</em></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to investigate these questions scientifically, a representative sample (N=1728) of adult, German test persons was analysed with regard to their online behaviour of health information research.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[1] </del>The data originate from a survey by the Bertelsmann Foundation in cooperation with Barmer GEK.[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>] The group of test persons could be differentiated into &quot;health-offliners&quot; (people who use other information sources to search for health information) and &quot;health-onliners&quot; (people who search for health information online). Among the test persons who generally use the internet, almost 53 % could be defined as &quot;health-onliners&quot;, whereas the remaining group of about 47 % could be characterised as &quot;health-offliners&quot;.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[1] </del>It is certainly interesting to ask whether there are fundamental criteria that distinguish the two groups of persons from each other. Further research is needed here.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to investigate these questions scientifically, a representative sample (N=1728) of adult, German test persons was analysed with regard to their online behaviour of health information research <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;>Baumann E, Czerwinsk F, Reifegerste D</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gender-Specific Determinants and Patterns of Online Health Information Seeking: Results From a Representative German Health Survey. J Med Internet Res 2017;19(4):e92). Doi10.2196/jmir.6668</ref>.&nbsp; </ins>The data originate from a survey by the Bertelsmann Foundation in cooperation with Barmer GEK <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Gesundheitsmonitor&quot;>Gesundheitsmonitor</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;Gesundheitsmonitor Bertelsmann Healthcare Monitor URL:&nbsp;</ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://www.gesundheitsmonitor.de/ http://www.gesundheitsmonitor.de</ins>]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;(accessed 2017-03-11) (WebCiteCache ID 6osnvLR8Y)</ref>. </ins>The group of test persons could be differentiated into &quot;health-offliners&quot; (people who use other information sources to search for health information) and &quot;health-onliners&quot; (people who search for health information online). Among the test persons who generally use the internet, almost 53 % could be defined as &quot;health-onliners&quot;, whereas the remaining group of about 47 % could be characterised as &quot;health-offliners&quot;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/></ins>. It is certainly interesting to ask whether there are fundamental criteria that distinguish the two groups of persons from each other. Further research is needed here.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following determinants could be identified as relevant factors for the tendency towards online research: The age of the subjects, satisfaction with primary medical care, general frequency of internet use, and overall strong interest in health issues<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.[1] </del>These factors were more relevant than the social status of the individuals in the target group<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.[1]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following determinants could be identified as relevant factors for the tendency towards online research: The age of the subjects, satisfaction with primary medical care, general frequency of internet use, and overall strong interest in health issues<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;<ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/> </ins>These factors were more relevant than the social status of the individuals in the target group <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With increasing age, women in particular tend to frequent the internet less often with regard to researching health issues.[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</del>]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>4<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </del>This correlation could possibly be due to the fact that this group of people uses the internet less in general.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[3][4]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With increasing age, women in particular tend to frequent the internet less often with regard to researching health issues. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;>Pew Research Center.2014. Internet user demographics URL:&nbsp;</ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/latest-stats/ http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/latest-stats/</ins>]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;(accessed 2016-05-13)</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=&quot;V&auml;li&quot;>V&auml;lim&auml;ki M, Nenonen H, Koivuenen M, Suhonen R. Patients&lsquo; perception of Internet usage and their opportunity to obtain health information. Med Inform Internet Med 2007 Dec; 32 (</ins>4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">): 305-314 (doi: 10.1080/14639230701819792)</ref> </ins>This correlation could possibly be due to the fact that this group of people uses the internet less in general.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;/><ref name=&quot;V&auml;li&quot;/>.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gender-specific behaviour in health information research online has been frequently reported.[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5][6</del>] But little is known about the underlying reasons for these differences. Are the gender differences in health information research behaviour online partly due to differences in social roles between men and women?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gender-specific behaviour in health information research online has been frequently reported <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>Fox S, Duggan M</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pew Research Center 2013. Health Online 2013 URL:&nbsp;</ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://pewinternet.org/~/media/ http://pewinternet.org/</ins>]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;/media/</ref>&nbsp;<ref>Feng Y, Xie W. Digital divide 2.0: the role of social networkingsites in seeking health information online from a longitudinal perspective. J Health Commun 2015;20&nbsp; 81):60-68. Doi 10.1080/10810730.2014.906522, Medline: 25119019</ref>. </ins>But little is known about the underlying reasons for these differences. Are the gender differences in health information research behaviour online partly due to differences in social roles between men and women?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When dissatisfied with primary health care, women are more inclined to do research online or to exchange information with others in online forums. For them, social and communicative offers are important and supportive. Men, on the other hand, are more concerned with the provision of information per se.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[7] </del>Particularly in the case of certain topics that are still taboo or stigmatised, the anonymity of the internet offers obvious advantages here. In addition, it can be observed that women tend to do more online research for other people such as family members.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[8] </del>For both sexes, chronically or/and &quot;seriously ill&quot; persons tend to use the internet more for additional information or social exchange. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[9][</del>10<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </del>Women have a higher frequency of online behaviour in these conditions and are more likely to seek social and emotional support.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[7]</del>[11] Men, on the other hand, prefer factual, clearly stated information regarding health issues that concern them.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[7]</del>[11]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When dissatisfied with primary health care, women are more inclined to do research online or to exchange information with others in online forums. For them, social and communicative offers are important and supportive. Men, on the other hand, are more concerned with the provision of information per se<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp; <ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;>Muscanell NL, Guadagno RE. Make new friens or keep the old: Gender and personality differences in social networking use. Comput Hum Behav 2012 Jan; 28 (1): 107-112 (doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016)</ref></ins>. Particularly in the case of certain topics that are still taboo or stigmatised, the anonymity of the internet offers obvious advantages here. In addition, it can be observed that women tend to do more online research for other people such as family members <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>Johnson J, Case D. Health information seeking. New York: Peter Lang; 2013</ref></ins>. For both sexes, chronically or/and &quot;seriously ill&quot; persons tend to use the internet more for additional information or social exchange <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Renahy&quot;>Renahy E, Parizot I, Cauvin P</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Determinats of the frequency of online health information seeking: results of a web-based survey conducted in France in 2007. Inform health Soc Care 2010 Jan;35 (1):25-39 doi:</ins>10<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.3109/17538150903358784 (Medline: 20302437)</ref> <ref>Gitlow S. The online community as a healthcare resource. In: Nash DB, Manfredi MP, Bozarth B, Howell S, editors. Connecting with the new healthcare consumer: Defining your strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000:113-133</ref>. </ins>Women have a higher frequency of online behaviour in these conditions and are more likely to seek social and emotional support.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;/></ins>[11] Men, on the other hand, prefer factual, clearly stated information regarding health issues that concern them.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Muscanell&quot;/></ins>[11]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Limitations of the analysed study lie in the fact that the reasons behind the behavioural differences found cannot be clearly attributed.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[1] </del>But also in the fact that the analysed study did not take into account whether the subjects were researching for information for themselves or for third parties.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[1] </del>Furthermore, there is often a considerable discrepancy between self-reported online behaviour and actual activity.[12] These facts would not be integrated into the study design.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[1]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Limitations of the analysed study lie in the fact that the reasons behind the behavioural differences found cannot be clearly attributed <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/></ins>. But also in the fact that the analysed study did not take into account whether the subjects were researching for information for themselves or for third parties<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;<ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/></ins>. Furthermore, there is often a considerable discrepancy between self-reported online behaviour and actual activity.[12] These facts would not be integrated into the study design <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=&quot;Baumann&quot;/></ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gender-specific, user-oriented internet information needs more precise research. Sources of health information should be neutral in origin and not sales- or pharma-oriented, which is often difficult for the layperson to judge. They should also be easy to understand and not require extreme medical expertise. At the same time, information could be available online in different languages, so that groups of people such as refugees or immigrants could also receive important health information in an easily accessible way. In perspective, the internet is definitely an information medium of the future that should be taken seriously, especially in health issues. If well-founded information is conveyed in a target group-oriented way, primary medical care could be supplemented in a meaningful and efficient way.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gender-specific, user-oriented internet information needs more precise research. Sources of health information should be neutral in origin and not sales- or pharma-oriented, which is often difficult for the layperson to judge. They should also be easy to understand and not require extreme medical expertise. At the same time, information could be available online in different languages, so that groups of people such as refugees or immigrants could also receive important health information in an easily accessible way. In perspective, the internet is definitely an information medium of the future that should be taken seriously, especially in health issues. If well-founded information is conveyed in a target group-oriented way, primary medical care could be supplemented in a meaningful and efficient way.</div></td></tr>
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</table>GenderMedWikiBoardhttps://gendermedwiki.uni-muenster.de/mediawiki_en/index.php?title=Gender-specific_behaviour_in_online_health_information_research/Introduction&diff=12336&oldid=prevGenderMedWikiBoard: Created page with " <em>Many of us do it every day: we pick up our mobile phone and research questions, facts, contexts or definitions via Google. The internet is becoming more and more importan..."2022-04-26T09:20:15Z<p>Created page with " <em>Many of us do it every day: we pick up our mobile phone and research questions, facts, contexts or definitions via Google. The internet is becoming more and more importan..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><br />
<em>Many of us do it every day: we pick up our mobile phone and research questions, facts, contexts or definitions via Google. The internet is becoming more and more important as a source of information. But to what extent is this widespread information-seeking behaviour relevant to health issues? Is the internet the medium of the future for the responsible, co-deciding, autonomous patient? Are there gender-specific differences in this behaviour? And if so, what factors determine, limit or influence these differences? On the basis of this information, which gender-specific strategies prove to be practicable and purposeful for the online information transfer of the future?</em><br />
<br />
In order to investigate these questions scientifically, a representative sample (N=1728) of adult, German test persons was analysed with regard to their online behaviour of health information research.[1] The data originate from a survey by the Bertelsmann Foundation in cooperation with Barmer GEK.[2] The group of test persons could be differentiated into &quot;health-offliners&quot; (people who use other information sources to search for health information) and &quot;health-onliners&quot; (people who search for health information online). Among the test persons who generally use the internet, almost 53 % could be defined as &quot;health-onliners&quot;, whereas the remaining group of about 47 % could be characterised as &quot;health-offliners&quot;.[1] It is certainly interesting to ask whether there are fundamental criteria that distinguish the two groups of persons from each other. Further research is needed here.<br />
<br />
The following determinants could be identified as relevant factors for the tendency towards online research: The age of the subjects, satisfaction with primary medical care, general frequency of internet use, and overall strong interest in health issues.[1] These factors were more relevant than the social status of the individuals in the target group.[1]<br />
<br />
With increasing age, women in particular tend to frequent the internet less often with regard to researching health issues.[3][4] This correlation could possibly be due to the fact that this group of people uses the internet less in general.[3][4]<br />
<br />
Gender-specific behaviour in health information research online has been frequently reported.[5][6] But little is known about the underlying reasons for these differences. Are the gender differences in health information research behaviour online partly due to differences in social roles between men and women?<br />
<br />
When dissatisfied with primary health care, women are more inclined to do research online or to exchange information with others in online forums. For them, social and communicative offers are important and supportive. Men, on the other hand, are more concerned with the provision of information per se.[7] Particularly in the case of certain topics that are still taboo or stigmatised, the anonymity of the internet offers obvious advantages here. In addition, it can be observed that women tend to do more online research for other people such as family members.[8] For both sexes, chronically or/and &quot;seriously ill&quot; persons tend to use the internet more for additional information or social exchange. [9][10] Women have a higher frequency of online behaviour in these conditions and are more likely to seek social and emotional support.[7][11] Men, on the other hand, prefer factual, clearly stated information regarding health issues that concern them.[7][11]<br />
<br />
Limitations of the analysed study lie in the fact that the reasons behind the behavioural differences found cannot be clearly attributed.[1] But also in the fact that the analysed study did not take into account whether the subjects were researching for information for themselves or for third parties.[1] Furthermore, there is often a considerable discrepancy between self-reported online behaviour and actual activity.[12] These facts would not be integrated into the study design.[1]<br />
<br />
Gender-specific, user-oriented internet information needs more precise research. Sources of health information should be neutral in origin and not sales- or pharma-oriented, which is often difficult for the layperson to judge. They should also be easy to understand and not require extreme medical expertise. At the same time, information could be available online in different languages, so that groups of people such as refugees or immigrants could also receive important health information in an easily accessible way. In perspective, the internet is definitely an information medium of the future that should be taken seriously, especially in health issues. If well-founded information is conveyed in a target group-oriented way, primary medical care could be supplemented in a meaningful and efficient way.<br />
<br />
<strong>Limitation</strong><br />
<br />
Due to the study design, which is somewhat undifferentiated in parts, quite classic gender-stereotypical results are obtained, which must be critically analysed in any case.<br />
<br />
Literature<br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Baumann E, Czerwinsk F, Reifegerste D.&nbsp;Gender-Specific Determinants and Patterns of Online Health Information Seeking: Results From a Representative German Health Survey. J Med Internet Res 2017;19(4):e92). Doi10.2196/jmir.6668</li><br />
<li>Gesundheitsmonitor.&nbsp;Gesundheitsmonitor Bertelsmann Healthcare Monitor URL:&nbsp;[http://www.gesundheitsmonitor.de/ http://www.gesundheitsmonitor.de]&nbsp;(accessed 2017-03-11) (WebCiteCache ID 6osnvLR8Y)</li><br />
<li>Pew Research Center.2014. Internet user demographics URL:&nbsp;[http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/latest-stats/ http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/latest-stats/]&nbsp;(accessed 2016-05-13)</li><br />
<li>V&auml;lim&auml;ki M, Nenonen H, Koivuenen M, Suhonen R. Patients&lsquo; perception of Internet usage and their opportunity to obtain health information. Med Inform Internet Med 2007 Dec; 32 (4): 305-314 (doi: 10.1080/14639230701819792)</li><br />
<li>Fox S, Duggan M. Pew Research Center 2013. Health Online 2013 URL:&nbsp;[http://pewinternet.org/~/media/ http://pewinternet.org/]&nbsp;/media/</li><br />
<li>Feng Y, Xie W. Digital divide 2.0: the role of social networkingsites in seeking health information online from a longitudinal perspective. J Health Commun 2015;20&nbsp; 81):60-68. Doi 10.1080/10810730.2014.906522, Medline: 25119019</li><br />
<li>Muscanell NL, Guadagno RE. Make new friens or keep the old: Gender and personality differences in social networking use. Comput Hum Behav 2012 Jan; 28 (1): 107-112 (doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016)</li><br />
<li>Johnson J, Case D. Health information seeking. New York: Peter Lang; 2013</li><br />
<li>Renahy E, Parizot I, Cauvin P. Determinats of the frequency of online health information seeking: results of a web-based survey conducted in France in 2007. Inform health Soc Care 2010 Jan;35 (1):25-39 doi:10.3109/17538150903358784 (Medline: 20302437)</li><br />
<li>Gitlow S. The online community as a healthcare resource. In: Nash DB, Manfredi MP, Bozarth B, Howell S, editors. Connecting with the new healthcare consumer: Defining your strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000:113-133</li><br />
<li>&nbsp;Mo PK, Malik SH, Coulson NS. Gender differences in computer-mediated communication: a systematic literature review of online health-relathed support groups. Patient Educ Couns 2009 Apr; 75 (1): 16-24 (doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.029) (medline: 19233586)</li><br />
<li>Scharkow M. The accuracy of self-reported internet use &ndash; a validation study using client log data. Commun Methods Meas 2016 Mar 24; 10(1): 13-27. (doi: 10.1089/19312458.2015.1118446)</li><br />
</ol><br />
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">Click here to expand literature references.<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <references/></div></div><br />
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Last changed: 2022-04-26 11:20:12</div>GenderMedWikiBoard